Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis
Evidence-based neurology checklist on seronegative autoimmune encephalitis: Classification Antibody-negative probable autoimmune encephalitis (ANPRA) Seronegative autoimmune limbic encephalitis (SNALE) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Epidemiology Diagnostic criteria Clinical…
Classification
- Antibody-negative probable autoimmune encephalitis (ANPRA)
- Seronegative autoimmune limbic encephalitis (SNALE)
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Epidemiology
Diagnostic criteria
Clinical presentations
Reasons for negative antibodies: rare antibodies
Reasons for negative antibodies: others
Features supporting autoimmune process
Differential diagnosis
Approach to management
Poor prognostic features (RAPID score)
Outcome
References
- Najjar S, Pearlman D, Devinsky O, et al. Neuropsychiatric autoimmune encephalitis without VGKC-complex, NMDAR, and GAD autoantibodies: case report and literature review. Cogn Behav Neurol 2013; 26:36-49.
- Lee WJ, Lee HS, Kim DY, et al. Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis: clinical characteristics and factors associated with outcomes. Brain 2022; 145:3509-3521.
- Graus F, Escudero D, Oleaga L, et al. Syndrome and outcome of antibody-negative limbic encephalitis. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25:1011-1016.
- Waters PJ, Irani SR. Neurexin-3α: a new antibody target in autoimmune encephalitis. Neurology 2016; 86:2222-2223.
- Gresa-Arribas N, Planagumà J, Petit-Pedrol M, et al. Human neurexin-3α antibodies associate with encephalitis and alter synapse development. Neurology 2016; 86:2235-2242.
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