Visual snow syndrome (VSS): management

Potential pathophysiological mechanisms

• Neuronal cortical hyperexcitability
• Subcortical network malfunction 
• Impaired central visual processing
• Loss of habituation for occipital cortical hyperexcitability

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain: features

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: sites of hypermetabolism

Potential treatments

References

1. White OB, Clough M, McKendrick AM, Fielding J. Visual snow: visual misperception. J Neuroophthalmol 2018; 38:514-521. 
2. Bou Ghannam A, Pelak VS. Visual snow: a potential cortical hyperexcitability syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2017; 19:9.
3. Traber GL, Piccirelli M, Michels L. Visual snow syndrome: a review on diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. Curr Opin Neurol 2019 (Epub ahead of print).
4. Yildiz FG, Turkyilmaz U, Unal-Cevik I. The clinical characteristics and neurophysiological assessments of the occipital cortex in visual snow syndrome with or without migraine. Headache 2019; 59:484-494. 
5. Puledda F, Bruchhage M, O'Daly O, Ffytche D, Williams SCR, Goadsby PJ. Occipital cortex and cerebellum gray matter changes in visual snow syndrome. Neurology 2020; 95:e1792-e1799. 
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Related checklists

• Visual snow syndrome (VSS): clinical features
• Visual snow syndrome (VSS): differential diagnosis