Phantom limb

Evidence-based neurology checklist on phantom limb: Causes Amputation: especially of the upper limbs Stroke Head injury Tumours Multiple sclerosis (MS) Epilepsy Risk factors Clinical triad: the phantom complex Features of neuropathic phantom pain Treatment

Causes

  • Amputation: especially of the upper limbs
  • Stroke
  • Head injury
  • Tumours
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS)
  • Epilepsy

Risk factors

Clinical triad: the phantom complex

Features of neuropathic phantom pain

Treatment

References

  1. Millonig A, Bodner T, Donnemiller E, Wolf E, Unterberger I. Supernumerary phantom limb as a rare symptom of epileptic seizures-case report and literature review. Epilepsia 2011; 52:e97-e100.
  2. Subedi B, Grossberg G. Phantom limb pain: mechanisms and treatment approaches. Pain Res Treat. 2011; 2011:864605.
  3. Nikolajsen L, Jensen TS. Phantom limb pain. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87:107-116.
  4. Wilkins KL, McGrath PJ, Finley GA, Katz J. Prospective diary study of nonpainful and painful phantom sensations in a preselected sample of child and adolescent amputees reporting phantom limbs. Clin J Pain. 2004; 20:293–301.
  5. Erlenwein J, Diers M, Ernst J, Schulz F, Petzke F. Clinical updates on phantom limb pain. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e888.
  6. And 1 more. Subscribe to see the full list

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