Parkinson’s disease (PD): systemic risk factors

Strong risk factors

• Pesticides e.g. organophosphates and carbamate
• Constipation

Possible risk occupations

Infections

Dietary and intestinal

Dermatological

Lifestyle

Endocrine

Environmental

Other systemic risk factors

Inconclusive risk factor: appendectomy

Inconclusive risk factor: Statin use

References

1. Engel LS, Checkoway H, Keifer MC, et al. Parkinsonism and occupational exposure to pesticides. Occup Environ Med 2001; 58:582-589.
2. Tanner CM, Ross GW, Jewell SA, et al. Occupation and risk of parkinsonism: a multicenter case-control study. Arch Neurol 2009; 66:1106-1113.
3. Hubble JP, Cao T, Hassanein RES, Neuberger JS, Koller WC. Risk factors for Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993; 43:1693-1697.
4. Chuang CS, Su HL, Lin CL, Kao CH. Risk of Parkinson disease after organophosphate or carbamate poisoning. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136:129-137.
5. Adams-Carr KL, Bestwick JP, Shribman S, Lees A, Schrag A, Noyce AJ. Constipation preceding Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JNNP 2016; 87:710-716.  
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Related checklists

• Parkinson’s disease (PD): neurological risk factors
• Parkinson’s disease (PD): protective factors
• Post traumatic parkinsonism (PTP)