Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): bone health management

Bone health baseline assessments

• Calcium
• Phosphate
• Magnesium
• Parathyroid hormone
• Alkaline phosphatase
• DEXA bone scan
• Serum vitamin D levels
• Lateral thoracolumbar spine X-ray

Bone health monitoring indices: annual

Bone health monitoring indices: others

Bone health falls prevention measures

Bone health treatments

Orthopaedic treatments

References

1. Birnkrant DJ, Bushby K, Bann CM, et al. Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 2: respiratory, cardiac, bone health, and orthopaedic management. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:347-361.
2. Manzur AY, Kinali M, Muntoni F. Update on the management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93:986-990.
3. Manzur AY, Muntoni F. Diagnosis and new treatments in muscular dystrophies. JNNP 2009; 80:706-714.
4. Bushby K, Finkel R, Birnkrant DJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 1: diagnosis, and pharmacological and psychosocial management. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9:77-93.
5. Bushby K, Muntoni F, Urtizberea A, Hughes R, Griggs R. Report of the 124th ENMC International Workshop. Treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy; defining the gold standards of management in the use of corticosteroids 2-4 April 2004, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2004; 14:526-534.
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Related checklists

• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): clinical features
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): female carriers
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): investigations
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): respiratory management
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): cardiac management
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): genetic treatments
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): steroid management
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): other treatments
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): investigational treatments